Isaiah Berlin
British philosopher and historian of ideas whose essay 'Two Concepts of Liberty' distinguished negative liberty (freedom from interference) from positive liberty (freedom to self-govern) in the most influential essay in 20th-century political philosophy. His studies of Russian thinkers and Romantic nationalism are also major works.
Works
- Four Essays on LibertyEssays on negative and positive liberty and their political implications
- The Hedgehog and the FoxEssay on historical figures who are either hedgehogs or foxes in their thinking
- Russian ThinkersEssays on major Russian philosophers and their influence on European thought
- The Crooked Timber of HumanityEssays on the tension between Enlightenment ideals and historical reality
- The Sense of RealityEssays on value pluralism, freedom, and the complexity of human experience
- Two Concepts of LibertyInfluential essay distinguishing negative freedom from positive self-realization
- Against the CurrentEssays on Romanticism's rebellion against Enlightenment rationalism
- The Proper Study of MankindComprehensive collection of essays on intellectual history and human values
- Karl MarxBiographical essay on Marx's life, ideas, and lasting influence on history