Fernand Braudel

Afterthoughts on Material Civilization

Essays on the material foundations and human costs of Western civilization

About the author

Fernand Braudel
Fernand Braudel

French historian and leader of the Annales school whose The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II revolutionized historical practice by examining long-term environmental and economic structures rather than events and individuals. His work reshaped the discipline for a generation.

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