Ethics

Name: Ethics
Author: Baruch Spinoza

by Baruch Spinoza

Monistic metaphysics grounding all reality in divine substance and necessity

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About the author

Baruch Spinoza

Dutch philosopher who constructed a geometric system of ethics that identified God with Nature and denied free will, miracles, and personal immortality. Excommunicated from his Jewish community at 23, he lived as a lens-grinder and developed the most rigorous philosophy of the 17th century. The Ethics is his masterwork.

More by Baruch Spinoza

Theological-Political TreatisePolitical and biblical criticism defending individual freedom and democratic reason
On the Improvement of the UnderstandingEpistemological work on human understanding and rational self-cultivation
Political TreatisePolitical theory examining sovereign power and individual rights and obligations
Short TreatiseEarly systematic work presenting Spinoza's monistic metaphysics and ethics
Tractatus Theologico-PoliticusCritique of biblical authority and defense of rational biblical interpretation
Tractatus PoliticusTheory of sovereign power and right within the Spinozist framework