Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

Name: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
Author: Baruch Spinoza

by Baruch Spinoza

Critique of biblical authority and defense of rational biblical interpretation

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About the author

Baruch Spinoza

Dutch philosopher who constructed a geometric system of ethics that identified God with Nature and denied free will, miracles, and personal immortality. Excommunicated from his Jewish community at 23, he lived as a lens-grinder and developed the most rigorous philosophy of the 17th century. The Ethics is his masterwork.

More by Baruch Spinoza

EthicsMonistic metaphysics grounding all reality in divine substance and necessity
Theological-Political TreatisePolitical and biblical criticism defending individual freedom and democratic reason
On the Improvement of the UnderstandingEpistemological work on human understanding and rational self-cultivation
Political TreatisePolitical theory examining sovereign power and individual rights and obligations
Short TreatiseEarly systematic work presenting Spinoza's monistic metaphysics and ethics
Tractatus PoliticusTheory of sovereign power and right within the Spinozist framework