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← Baruch Spinoza

Tractatus Politicus

by Baruch Spinoza

Theory of sovereign power and right within the Spinozist framework

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About the author

Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza

Dutch philosopher who constructed a geometric system of ethics that identified God with Nature and denied free will, miracles, and personal immortality. Excommunicated from his Jewish community at 23, he lived as a lens-grinder and developed the most rigorous philosophy of the 17th century. The Ethics is his masterwork.

More by Baruch Spinoza

  • EthicsMonistic metaphysics grounding all reality in divine substance and necessity→
  • Theological-Political TreatisePolitical and biblical criticism defending individual freedom and democratic reason→
  • On the Improvement of the UnderstandingEpistemological work on human understanding and rational self-cultivation→
  • Political TreatisePolitical theory examining sovereign power and individual rights and obligations→
  • Short TreatiseEarly systematic work presenting Spinoza's monistic metaphysics and ethics→
  • Tractatus Theologico-PoliticusCritique of biblical authority and defense of rational biblical interpretation→

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