Ivan Illich

Medical Nemesis

Critique of medicine as oppressive institution limiting health and autonomy

About the author

Ivan Illich
Ivan Illich

Austrian-American philosopher and social critic whose Deschooling Society and Tools for Conviviality attacked modern institutions—schools, hospitals, transportation—for counterproductively increasing dependence and inequality. His concept of counterproductivity was enormously influential in radical educational and medical circles.

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