Ivan Illich

Tools for Conviviality

Philosophy of tools and technology promoting autonomy and human flourishing

About the author

Ivan Illich
Ivan Illich

Austrian-American philosopher and social critic whose Deschooling Society and Tools for Conviviality attacked modern institutions—schools, hospitals, transportation—for counterproductively increasing dependence and inequality. His concept of counterproductivity was enormously influential in radical educational and medical circles.

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